Crankshaft position sensor theory and function
What does a Camshaft/Crankshaft Position Sensor do ?
in brief : The Camshaft sensor determines which cylinder is firing to establish injector synchronization and coil firing sequence in DIS systems. Crankshaft sensors set ignition timing, supply the RPM signal, and determine engine speed
A crank sensor is an electronic device used in an internal combustion engine, both petrol and diesel, to monitor the position or rotational speed of the crankshaft. This information is used by engine management systems to control the fuel injection or the ignition system timing and other engine parameters. Before electronic crank sensors were available, the distributor would have to be manually adjusted to a timing mark on petrol engines.
The crank sensor can be used in combination with a similar camshaft position sensor to monitor the relationship between the pistons and valves in the engine, which is particularly important in engines with variable valve timing. This method is also used to "synchronise" a four stroke engine upon starting, allowing the management system to know when to inject the fuel. It is also commonly used as the primary source for the measurement of engine speed in revolutions per minute.
Common mounting locations include the main crank pulley, the flywheel, the camshaft or on the crankshaft itself. This sensor is the 2nd most important sensor in modern-day engines after the camshaft position sensor. When it fails, there is a probability the engine will not start, or cut out while running.
Types of sensor
There are three main types of sensor commonly in use. The Hall Effect sensor, Optical sensor or the Inductive sensor. Hall effect sensors have the advantage over inductive sensors in that they can detect static (non-changing) magnetic fields.
Some engines, such as GM's Premium V family, use crank position sensors which read a reluctor ring integral to the harmonic balancer. This is a much more accurate method of determining the position of the crankshaft, and allows the computer to determine within a few degrees the exact position of the crankshaft (and thereby all connected components) at any given time.
Function
The functional objective for the crankshaft position sensor is to determine the position and/or rotational speed (RPM) of the crank. Engine Control Units use the information transmitted by the sensor to control parameters such as ignition timing and fuel injection timing. In a diesel the sensor will control the fuel injection. The sensor output may also be related to other sensor data including the cam position to derive the current combustion cycle, this is very important for the starting of a four stroke engine.
Sometimes, the sensor may become burnt or worn out - or just die of old age at high mileage. One likely cause of crankshaft position sensor failure is exposure to extreme heat. Others are vibration causing a wire to fracture or corrosion on the pins of harness connectors. Many modern crankshaft sensors are sealed units and therefore will not be damaged by water or other fluids. When it goes wrong, it stops transmitting the signal which contains the vital data for the ignition and other parts in the system.
A bad crank position sensor can worsen the way the engine idles, or the acceleration behaviour. If the engine is revved up with a bad or faulty sensor, it may cause misfiring, motor vibration or backfires. Acceleration might be hesitant, and abnormal shaking during engine idle might occur. In the worst case the car may not start.
The first sign of crankshaft sensor failure, usually, is the refusal of the engine to start when hot but will start again once the engine has cooled.
One detail of some designs is the "three wire" inductive crank sensor whereby the third wire is actually just a co-axial shield around the two main sensor wires to prevent them from picking up stray electrical pulses from elsewhere in the vehicle engine bay.
Where are these sensors located ?
The Camshaft Position sensor is typically located in the cylinder head of the engine and has a cylindrical portion that inserts into the head. The Crankshaft Position sensor is normally located in the timing cover or on the side of the block with a cylindrical portion that inserts into the block.
What makes Standard® and Intermotor® Camshaft and Crankshaft Position Sensors the best?
• Integrated A/D converter and digital signal processing with a dynamically adaptive switch point
improves accuracy and operation
• Advanced circuitry protects the system from stray electro-magnetic fields and power spikes
• Custom magnetic circuit programming calibrates the sensor while performance testing for improved
timing accuracy between the target wheel and sensor output
• 100% environmental, endurance and end-of-line testing for Timing, Pulse Width and Signal Amplitude ensures consistent product reliability
CKP & CMP SENSOR DIAGNOSIS
The fastest way to check the crank and/or camshaft sensors on a 1995 or newer vehicle with OBD II is to plug in your scan tool and check for any fault codes.P0335....Crankshaft Position Sensor A Circuit
P0336....Crankshaft Position Sensor A Circuit Range/Performance
P0337....Crankshaft Position Sensor A Circuit Low Input
P0338....Crankshaft Position Sensor A Circuit High Input
P0339....Crankshaft Position Sensor A Circuit Intermittent
P0340....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit (Bank 1 or Single Sensor)
P0341....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit Range/Performance (Bank 1)
P0342....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit Low Input (Bank 1)
P0343....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit High Input (Bank 1)
P0344....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit Intermittent (Bank 1)
P0345....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit (Bank 2)
P0346....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit Range/Performance (Bank 2)
P0347....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit Low Input (Bank 2)
P0348....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit High Input (Bank 2)
P0349....Camshaft Position Sensor 'A' Circuit Intermittent (Bank 2)
You can also use your scan tool to check for the presence of a cranking rpm signal if an engine is cranking but is not starting because there is no spark (which is often a clue that the crankshaft position sensor is not working).
On pre-OBD II vehicles, you can use a scan tool to check for codes, or use a manual flash code procedure to read out codes. On a pre-OBD II GM application, a trouble Code 12 while cranking would indicate no reference signal being generated. On pre-OBD II Ford applications, a Code 14 would indicate a problem with the crank position sensor signal, which Ford calls a "PIP" (Profile Ignition Pick-up) signal.
